Scenario: a world where Hitler died in the trenches, the Nazi party never took off, and Germany never started a major war. I'm also going to assume that Stalin stays put and that while there are regional wars and military buildups, no massive conflict occurs. Meanwhile, by the late 30s, China was going through one of the bloodiest civil wars in history, and Japan had commenced a full-scale invasion.

IOTL Japan took advantage of its alliance with Germany and invaded French Indochina, with the aim of cutting the flow of supplies to the Chinese army, and serving as a launch base to seize the British and Dutch colonies of the East Indies. They hoped that the oil and other resources here provide the extra push the Japanese army needed to conquer China, and Japan's massive navy was getting antsy with nothing to do in China and the army taking up most of the country's attention.
Now, since France and the Netherlands are not being occupied, Japan is extremely unlikely to invade any European colonies, unless a very ambitious and crazy rogue captain bombs Hong Kong or something. This all begs the question, what now?

Japan's army is bogged down in China, they lack the manpower to invade Siberia, and the Russians kicked them out swiftly every time they tried OTL. The navy is still docked with little to do besides patrol missions, and while Japan may not be embargoed by the US ITTL, the Nanking massacre and other events did leave a bad taste in many western mouths. Still, Japan would probably get its oil from America unless PR goes to the deep south. However, the war would eventually start to run Japan dry, both financially, and population-wise. China simply had far more people and could probably keep fighting for another decade or two.

So how do things play out here? Does a battered and worn Japan eventually claim a pyrrhic victory and visualize China for a few decades? Or does Japan eventually cut its losses and call quits, leading to absolute chaos and coups back home? Maybe a middle ground where Japan retreats to the coastal cities and tries desperately to hold them down? What about the Soviets? Perhaps smelling blood in the water and lacking a Mutachio-led invasion they turn their attention to China and invade on behalf of the ROC, the CCP, or just themselves? Maybe after the 100th massacre of civilians in 1942, the western powers decide enough is enough and drop embargos on Japan. Some sort of major naval conflict had been building up between Japan and the US for some time...
Well, this intro certainly got out of hand, but I am really looking forward to everyone's takes on this subject.
 
With no Nazis, Germany probably still goes on training and equipping the Chinese armed forces as OTL up until 1936.
Was there a reason for stopping in 36 OTL? With no nazis it's likely an unstable government or a fairly authoritarian one, possibly looking to Mussoline as a role model. I don't see any of these preventing further intervention in Chine unless trying to impress Japan for some reason.
 
Was there a reason for stopping in 36 OTL? With no nazis it's likely an unstable government or a fairly authoritarian one, possibly looking to Mussoline as a role model. I don't see any of these preventing further intervention in Chine unless trying to impress Japan for some reason.
Ambassador Oshima got on really well with the Nazi top leadership. Geostrategically, what Germany needs is a strong Power in the East ready to bite the Russian Empire/Soviet Union in the arse if it pushed West. As I have said before elsewhere, one of the causes of WW1 was China's military and political weakness. If China had been at least as militarily strong as the Ottoman Turks in 1914, Russia wouldn't have been nearly as gung-ho in the Balkans as OTL.
The aggressive nationalism of the Japanese appealed to the Nazi mindset and convinced them that Japan could be that Power. Now a different sort of Fascist Germany could make the same calculation and switch, that's true but the Weimar German military calculated (probably correctly) that China was the better long-term investment.
 
AFAICT, the rise of the hypermilitarist regime in Japan happened independently of events in Europe and elsewhere. Thus Japan would still take over Manchuria and then invade China. This could draw Japan into conflict with the major western powers.

For instance: China's main LoC for arms etc. was through French Indochina. Goods were landed at Haiphong and shipped by rail to Kunming. OTL Japan closed this down by occupying northern Vietnam in late 1940. France was then under German occupation, except for the rump of Vichy France, and was unable to resist.

If France is not occupied, this would certainly be regarded an act of war. But what could France do? France is 15,000 km distant, France's navy is much smaller than Japan's, and if Japan occupied the whole of Indochina, France has no bases in the region from which to counter-attack. Would Britain or the US join France? It seems unlikely for Britain and impossible for the US. OTOH, tolerating such flagrant aggression would be hard to swallow.

Also: Japan was dependent on oil imported from the US, Britain (British held-northern Borneo), and the Dutch East Indies. (Japan received a trickle of oil from Soviet-controlled northern Sakhalin, but far less than its requirements.) OTL, in 1941, the US embargoed oil supplies to Japan, and got Britain and the Netherlands to go along. That could happen with no Hitler War; Dave T has noted that even such flaming isolationists as Burton Wheeler approved the OTL sanctions against Japan.

Now the question is: can Japan back down in face of overwhelming force? Or will the mad dogs control?

Another question is how relations with the USSR develop. OTL there were at least two major battles on the borders of Manchuria in the 1930s. The USSR avoided escalating the conflicts, in part because the situation in Europe was threatening, with the rise of Nazi Germany. If instead there is a continued Weimar or post-Weimar regime which sub rosa continues military cooperation with the USSR, would the USSR be more aggressive in the Far East?
 
Top