This contribution came to me after re-reading my
Black Easter post. It made me imagine how ITTL an independent press would evolve in the USSR. I believe a scandal like this would a major turning point in the history of Soviet media.
So here's what I got
***
Black Easter and the Birth of Independent Soviet Media
Moscow Times
March 18, 2015
The Cultural Leap, during the 1980s, brought great cultural and intellectual freedom to many in the Soviet Union. However, journalism and mass media was relatively slow to catch up to the new open environment. By 1991, almost 90 percent of Soviet media was still under state control. And much of was still under the editing board of the Glavlit [1], the infamous Soviet censorship board.
But all that changed with the Black Easter Massacre, which exposed the weakness of Soviet media, and marked the end of government monopolies on news.
Free press and uncensored media was almost non-existent in Rossiya until the 1990s. The imperialist tsars had long suppressed dissent and political openness. The exchange of socialist ideals could occur either underground or in the bourgeois democracies of Western Europe.
The February Revolution marked the brief termination of censorship, as the weakened capitalist Provisional Government was unable to stamp out the spread of ideas spread by Lenin and the early Soviets.
The October Revolution and the brutal Rossiyan Civil War marked the end of this brief period of light, as the elimination of class enemies and revolutionary opponents meant the return of the suppression of the tsarist years.
In 1922, Glavlit, the Soviet censorship board was established, and with it, all media and culture was virtually controlled by the whim of the Moscow government. Glavit boards were known to cut apart entire journalistic articles, replacing them with extremist dogma.
For decades, the only way for Soviet citizens to get uncensored news was through the samizdat, an underground publication system of self-publication and distribution. The risk of running a samizdat was incredibly high as it could result in incarceration (as had been the fate of Leonid Adamchuck) or institutionalization in a mental hospital, and circulation was limited on average to 200,000 copies.
By the 1980s, Glavlit's power began to bend, as foreign news and new media began to defy old censorship laws. Movies and games were no longer under censorship, and people began to enjoy media from the Blue Side of Europe.
But the 1980s and early 1990s remained a transitional period for Soviet news and media, and national level, there were few substantial changes to journalism and press. The first independent news and media outlets, like the samizdat (in fact, first independent Soviet journalists were often samizdat writers), were confined to small, local markets and stuck to local events.
By 1991, there were 98 independent media outlets (newspapers, TV stations, and radio stations) but few with any national reach. In the days before the Internet, as in most Comintern nations, state run media remained the major source of news.
But then Black Easter came, and the Soviet media sunk into the whitewashing of the past. Glavit bureaucrats continued to write the words that Pravda published, and the words that CT USSR [2] anchormen read off teleprompters. But this was no longer the period of closed political discussion. Local start up newspapers and radio stations carried sensationalist news of the disaster. And news organization from around the world would soon educate Soviet people (from Moscow to Vladivostok) of the violence rather than their own government.
Black Easter was known for exposing the antisemitism tried to hide, but it also revealed how moribund national news organizations had become in the USSR.
By 1993, the government realized its error, that news could no longer be used to serve an ideological goal. At the Politburo, Glavlit was abolished, and Pravda, CT USSR and other national news organization were stripped from party control, and were reincarnated as BBC-style organizations. Journalists no longer required censor boards, and were only limited in their journalism by national security requirements.
But by then, the damage had already been done, and few Soviet people would ever rely on national media ever again. Media cooperatives and licenses for radio stations grew rapidly to fill the growing market for free information.
By 1995, Soviet state media declined to 70 percent of all media, and by 2002, it dropped to 47 percent, as new independent media cooperatives stepped into to provide real news to a public that had endured instead decades of political pap.
The Black Easter incident exposed the need for strong independent in the USSR, but also the struggle of any people to obtain the truth. A struggle that continues to this day.
[1] Stands for "General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press"
[2] Soviet Central Television